A 1H-NMR study of isolated domains from human plasminogen. Structural homology between kringles 1 and 4

Kringles 1 and 4 from human plasminogen are polypeptide domains of Mr approximately equal to 10000 each of which can be isolated by proteolysis of the zymogen. They have been studied by 1H-NMR spectroscopy at 300 MHz and 600 MHz. The spectra, characteristic of globular structures, show striking analogies that point to a close conformational relatedness among the two kringles, consistent with their high degree of amino acid conservancy and homology. The interaction of both kringles with p-benzylaminesulfonic acid (BASA), an antifibrinolytic drug that binds to a lysine-binding site, results in better resolved, narrower lines for both spectra. Aromatic and methyl-region spectra of BASA complexes of kringles 1 and 4 were compared and the latter was studied by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Analysis of the CH3 multiplets in terms of their resonance patterns, and the amino acid compositions and sequences of the two kringles, leads to the identification of most signals and to some assignments. In particular, a doublet at -1 ppm, exhibited by both kringles and also found in reported proton spectra of homologous bovine prothrombin fragments, has been assigned to Leu46, a residue that is conserved in all of the kringles studied to date by 1H-NMR. Since this resonance is somewhat more sensitive to BASA than other methyl signals, it is likely that Leu46 is proximal to the lysine-binding site. Nuclear Overhauser experiments reveal that Leu46 is surrounded by a cluster of closely interacting hydrophobic and aromatic side chains. Kringle 4 was also compared with a derivative chemically modified at Trp72 with dimethyl(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulfonium bromide. As judged from the proton spectra, the modified kringle 4 retains globularity and is perturbed mainly in the aromatic region, in analogy to that which is observed for the unmodified kringle upon BASA binding. Furthermore, although previous studies have indicated no retention of the modified kringle by lysine-Sepharose, the NMR studies point to a definite interaction between BASA and the kringle derivative. The spectroscopic data also suggest that the His31 imidazole is not significantly affected by the ligand and that the lysine-binding site is structured mostly by hydrophobic side chains, including Trp72 in the case of kringle 4, and probably Tyr72 in kringle 1.