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Related Concept Videos

Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
DNA as a Genetic Template02:05

DNA as a Genetic Template

Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
The DNA Helix01:07

The DNA Helix

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most viruses. DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides that wind around each other to form a spring-like structure called a double helix. However, the double helix is not perfectly symmetrical. Instead, there are regularly occurring grooves in the structure. The major groove occurs where the sugar-phosphate backbones are relatively far apart. This space...
DNA as a Genetic Template02:05

DNA as a Genetic Template

Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures with 3DNA
16:24

Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures with 3DNA

Published on: April 26, 2013

Patterns of DNA structural polymorphism and their evolutionary implications.

M A Keene, S C Elgin

    Cell
    |January 1, 1984
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Micrococcal nuclease reveals a distinct DNA cleavage pattern in Drosophila, with sites concentrated in spacer regions, not coding sequences. This organization likely aids in eukaryotic DNA packaging into chromatin.

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    Analyzing and Building Nucleic Acid Structures with 3DNA
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    Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations
    04:52

    Following the Dynamics of Structural Variants in Experimentally Evolved Populations

    Published on: February 3, 2023

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genomics
    • Chromatin Structure

    Background:

    • Eukaryotic DNA is organized into chromatin, influencing gene accessibility.
    • Understanding DNA susceptibility to nucleases provides insights into chromatin structure.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the pattern of micrococcal nuclease cleavage sites in Drosophila DNA.
    • To investigate the relationship between DNA cleavage susceptibility and gene organization.

    Main Methods:

    • Purified DNA from Drosophila was subjected to double-stranded cleavage by micrococcal nuclease.
    • Cleavage sites were mapped in the vicinity of over 20 genes.

    Main Results:

    • A consistent pattern of major cleavage sites in spacer regions, flanking protein-coding regions, was observed across various Drosophila genes.
    • This pattern was also noted in human and mouse globin genes, but absent in prokaryotic DNA (pBR322, phage lambda).
    • Nonrandom spacing of cleavage sites in Drosophila DNA showed frequent intervals of 195 bp and 411 bp.

    Conclusions:

    • The observed gene/spacer cleavage pattern is likely a general feature of eukaryotic genomes.
    • This DNA structural variation may have evolved to facilitate eukaryotic DNA packaging into chromatin.