Intraoperative radiation therapy for bladder cancer

The combination of intraoperative radiation therapy and external beam irradiation, a new treatment modality, has been added to the therapeutic armamentarium in the management of patients with bladder cancer. Encouraging results are seen when this combination is utilized for patients with superficial (Tis, T1, T2) bladder cancer. With more experience, the specific indications of this combined treatment modality will be identifiable.