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Intraoperative localization of renal calculi
The Urologic Clinics of North America
|November 1, 1983
Abstract:
Various techniques are available for the intraoperative localization of renal calculi. Newer fiberoptic systems have improved nephroscopy. Intraoperative x-rays employing mammography film can identify radiopaque renal calculi 1 to 2 mm in diameter. Coupled with intraoperative x-rays, ultrasonography allows rapid, essentially three-dimensional localization of both radiopaque and radiolucent stones. A recent technique of intraoperative pneumopyelography may also serve as an adjunct to intraoperative radiography.