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Reducing nitrosamine contamination in cutting fluids.

R N Loeppky, T J Hansen, L K Keefer

    Food and Chemical Toxicology : an International Journal Published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association
    |October 1, 1983
    PubMed
    Summary
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    N-nitrosodiethanolamine forms in metalworking coolants containing specific amines and nitrite. Reducing nitrite, avoiding heating, and using alternative amines can minimize nitrosamine formation.

    Area of Science:

    • Industrial Chemistry
    • Environmental Science
    • Occupational Health

    Background:

    • Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are essential in machining operations.
    • Some MWFs contain amines and nitrites, which can form hazardous nitrosamines.
    • Nitrosamines are a class of compounds with potential carcinogenic properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the formation of N-nitrosodiethanolamine in simulated metalworking coolants.
    • To identify factors that promote or inhibit nitrosamine formation.
    • To suggest strategies for reducing nitrosamine contamination in commercial cutting fluids.

    Main Methods:

    • Simulated metalworking coolants with varying compositions (nitrite, diethanolamine, triethanolamine) were prepared at pH 9.
    • Factors such as heating, acidification, and addition of specific chemicals (paraformaldehyde, triazines, ferricyanide, ferric ethylenediaminetetraacetate) were tested.

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  • Nitrite-free coolants were exposed to nitric oxide in air.
  • Fluids containing primary amines were also tested under various conditions.
  • Formation of nitrosamines was quantified using analytical methods.

    • Main Results:

    • N-nitrosodiethanolamine formed rapidly in coolants containing nitrite and di- or triethanolamine.
    • Formation rates increased with heating, acidification, and addition of certain chemicals.
    • Nitrosamine formation also occurred in nitrite-free coolants exposed to nitric oxide.
    • Primary amines generally did not form nitrosamines, with exceptions noted for monoethanolamine and diglycolamine under specific conditions.
    • Several factors were identified as promoting nitrosamine formation, including nitrite, specific amines, heating, and certain additives.

    Conclusions:

    • Nitrosamine formation in metalworking fluids is influenced by amine type, nitrite presence, pH, temperature, and specific additives.
    • Strategies to reduce nitrosamine formation include nitrite removal, scavenging nitrosating agents, avoiding unnecessary heating, and substituting amines.
    • Careful formulation and handling of metalworking fluids are crucial for minimizing occupational exposure to hazardous nitrosamines.