Animal models of intra-oral chemical carcinogenesis: a review

Early attempts to induce malignant oral tumours were largely unsuccessful, as the oral mucosa is considerably more resistant to the actions of chemical carcinogens than skin. The first consistent success came when strong carcinogens were applied to the hamster cheek pouch. This model remains the most popular for studies of intra-oral carcinogenesis and is discussed at length. The advantages and disadvantages are critically reviewed. The models of intra-oral carcinogenesis in extra-pouch sites in the hamster, mouse, rat and nonhuman primates are considered. The possible reasons for the relative resistance of oral mucosa to chemical carcinogens are discussed, particularly in relation to portals of entry and saliva. Finally, the relative merits of the more popular models of intra-oral carcinogenesis are briefly discussed.