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Nonlinear visual responses to flickering sinusoidal gratings

D H Kelly

    Journal of the Optical Society of America
    |September 1, 1981
    PubMed
    Summary
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    The frequency-doubling illusion, a visual distortion, arises from a nonlinear visual response. Researchers found this nonlinearity requires both rectification and compression to accurately explain the observed harmonic distortion.

    Area of Science:

    • Visual perception
    • Nonlinear system analysis
    • Computational neuroscience

    Background:

    • Counterphase flickering gratings at high temporal and low spatial frequencies induce the frequency-doubling illusion.
    • This illusion involves the apparent brightness of a grating varying at twice its actual spatial frequency.
    • The underlying cause is a second-harmonic distortion in the visual response.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine the precise form of the nonlinearity responsible for the frequency-doubling illusion.
    • To quantify the relationship between stimulus amplitude and harmonic distortion.
    • To differentiate between potential nonlinear mechanisms like rectification and compression.

    Main Methods:

    • A cancellation technique was employed to measure harmonic distortion.

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  • A nonflickering, double-frequency component was added to cancel the illusory second harmonic.
  • Harmonic distortion was analyzed as a function of stimulus amplitude (contrast).

    • Main Results:

    • The visual nonlinearity follows the form |s|^p, where 's' is the stimulus and 'p' is approximately 0.6.
    • Models with p=1 (rectification) or without the absolute value function did not match experimental data.
    • The results indicate a combination of rectification and compression is necessary.

    Conclusions:

    • The nonlinearity causing the frequency-doubling illusion is not solely rectification or compression.
    • A power-law nonlinearity with an exponent close to 0.6, incorporating an absolute value function, best describes the visual response.
    • Both rectification and compression are essential components of the visual system's response to flickering gratings.