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Piezoelectric ceramic implants: a feasibility study

J B Park, A F von Recum, G H Kenner

    Journal of Biomedical Materials Research
    |May 1, 1980
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Barium titanate piezoelectric ceramic shows potential as a hard tissue substitute. Its voltage output increases significantly with longer bone healing times, indicating improved load transfer.

    Area of Science:

    • Biomaterials Science
    • Orthopedic Engineering
    • Ceramic Materials

    Background:

    • Piezoelectric ceramics offer potential as hard tissue substitutes due to their ability to generate electrical signals under mechanical stress.
    • Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is a well-established piezoelectric material with biocompatibility considerations for orthopedic applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate barium titanate (BaTiO3) as a direct substitute for hard tissues.
    • To assess the piezoelectric voltage output of BaTiO3 implants after varying periods of bone implantation.

    Main Methods:

    • Barium titanate (BaTiO3) powder was slipcast, fired at 1430°C, and polarized to create piezoelectric specimens.
    • Specimens were implanted into the femoral midshaft cortex of animals for 16 and 86 days.

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  • Voltage outputs were measured under cyclic loading (1 Hz) after implantation.

    • Main Results:

    • The 16-day implant exhibited a voltage gradient of 0.15 mV/mm under a 445-N load, inducing approximately 0.01 microA current.
    • The 86-day implant demonstrated an order of magnitude higher voltage output compared to the 16-day implant under identical loads.
    • Increased voltage output correlates with improved bone-implant interface maturation and enhanced load transfer efficiency.

    Conclusions:

    • Barium titanate (BaTiO3) shows promise as a piezoelectric implant material for hard tissue replacement.
    • The maturing bone-implant interface significantly enhances load transfer, leading to increased piezoelectric voltage generation.
    • This phenomenon suggests potential for piezoelectric implants to stimulate bone healing through mechanotransduction.