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Updated: Aug 9, 2026

Optimized Negative Staining: a High-throughput Protocol for Examining Small and Asymmetric Protein Structure by Electron Microscopy
Published on: August 15, 2014
Antibody-antigen interactions: new structures and new conformational changes
1Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037.
During the past year, many new antibody structures have been determined, increasing our understanding of these immunologically important molecules. Of special interest are new catalytic antibodies, antibody-peptide and antibody-virus complexes, NMR structures, and structures illustrating conformational changes and antibody cross-reactivity.
During the past year, many new antibody structures have been determined, increasing our understanding of these immunologically important molecules. Of special interest are new catalytic antibodies, antibody-peptide and antibody-virus complexes, NMR structures, and structures illustrating conformational changes and antibody cross-reactivity.
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Antibody Structure
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Affinity and Avidity
Antibody Structure
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Antibody Structure and Classes
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.
Antibody Actions
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...