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Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Insulin therapy

D S Greco1, J D Broussard, M E Peterson

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
|May 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This article reviews current insulin sources and formulations for treating diabetes mellitus in pets. It offers veterinarians guidelines for effective insulin therapy in dogs and cats.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is a significant health concern in small animals.
  • Insulin therapy remains the cornerstone of diabetes management.
  • Advances since 1921 have led to diverse insulin formulations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail current insulin sources and formulations for canine and feline diabetes mellitus.
  • To provide veterinarians with practical guidelines for insulin therapy in small animals.
  • To enhance the understanding and application of insulin treatment in veterinary practice.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on insulin products.
  • Analysis of insulin types, sources, and pharmacokinetic profiles.
  • Compilation of clinical recommendations for veterinary insulin therapy.

Main Results:

  • Identification of various commercially available insulin formulations suitable for small animals.
  • Description of the characteristics and appropriate uses of different insulin types.
  • Summary of key factors influencing insulin selection and administration.

Conclusions:

  • Appropriate insulin selection and administration are crucial for successful diabetes management in dogs and cats.
  • Veterinarians require up-to-date knowledge of insulin products and therapeutic guidelines.
  • Continued research into novel insulin formulations may further improve treatment outcomes.