The disorders induced by iodine deficiency

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology
• Public Health
• Nutritional Science

Background:

• Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) represent a significant global health challenge, impacting over one billion individuals.
• These disorders arise from insufficient dietary iodine intake, leading to various functional and developmental abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current understanding of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), covering etiology, pathophysiology, complications, prevention, and therapy.
• To highlight the critical impact of iodine deficiency on cognitive development, particularly in vulnerable populations.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review of existing knowledge on iodine deficiency.
• Analysis of epidemiological data and public health implications of IDD.

Main Results:

• Iodine deficiency leads to thyroid dysfunction, endemic goiter, cretinism, and irreversible mental retardation, especially when occurring during pregnancy and early life.
• Populations in mountainous regions and certain parts of Europe are at high risk, with pregnant women, fetuses, and infants being the most susceptible groups.
• Factors like goitrogens in food and water pollutants can exacerbate iodine deficiency.

Conclusions:

• Iodine deficiency is a major preventable cause of mental deficiency worldwide.
• Ensuring adequate iodine intake through public health interventions is essential for preventing severe developmental consequences.
• Continued research and monitoring are necessary to combat the global burden of IDD.