Natural and recombinant soluble low-affinity Fc gamma R: detection, purification, and functional activities

Studies on the identification, cloning, and biochemical characterization of natural and recombinant human and mouse low-affinity soluble Fc gamma R (sFc gamma R) have been developed using various methods. RT-PCR and/or biochemical analyses have demonstrated that low-affinity sFc gamma R (i) are generated by enzymatic cleavage of membrane-associated receptors or by an alternative splicing of the transmembrane region encoding exon and (ii) comprise only the extracellular domains or these domains plus the intracellular region of the membrane-associated molecules, respectively. Functional studies indicated that recombinant sFc gamma R bind mouse and human IgG subclasses with a binding profile identical to that of their membrane counterparts and inhibit Fc gamma R-mediated functions such as immune complex binding or ADCC. In addition, it has been demonstrated that a mouse recombinant truncated sFc gamma RII inhibits antibody responses to T-dependent antigens as well as B-cell proliferation and that a human recombinant truncated sFc gamma RIIIB blocks the Ig production by activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Finally, different immunoassays devised to detect and quantitate circulating sFc gamma R showed that sFc gamma R serum levels vary in circumstances such as injections of protein antigens, in parasitic infections, in tumor-bearing mice, in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), or upon infusions of IgG or Fc gamma fragments in MM or immune thrombocytopenic purpura patients. The use of recombinant sFc gamma R, as well as the availability of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed against different regions of these molecules, makes it possible to characterize further the biological effects of sFc gamma R and their biochemical and immunochemical characteristics, as well as to define their putative ligands on cell membranes.