Microwave balloon angioplasty effectively seals arterial dissections in an atherosclerotic rabbit model

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of microwave balloon angioplasty in sealing arterial dissections and to characterize the histologic features associated with this intervention.

Coronary dissection accompanying balloon dilation is frequently associated with abrupt closure and acute ischemic complications. Effective management of this complication remains an active area of investigation. Because thermal energy is effective in welding separated atherosclerotic plaques, a microwave-based catheter system that provides controlled local heating was utilized in vessels with angioplasty-induced dissections.

Iliac artery dissections were induced in ahypercholesterolemic rabbit model. Vessels were randomly assigned to treatment with standard balloon angioplasty (control vessels) or microwave balloon angioplasty using an average temperature of 80 degrees C. The response of the artery was assessed angiographically and histologically.

Angiographic success, defined as a reduction of dissection length by > 50% or the resolution of lumen haziness, was achieved in 63% of microwave-treated vessels and in 16% of control vessels (p < 0.005). Dissection length (mean +/- SD) was reduced 8.0 +/- 4.8 mm in microwave-treated vessels compared with 0.1 +/- 7.9 mm in vessels receiving standard balloon inflations (p < 0.005). Cellular necrosis was more commonly observed in microwave-treated vessels than in control vessels (73% vs. 17%, p < 0.05), but less intraluminal thrombus was seen in vessels exposed to microwave energy (p < 0.05).

Microwave balloon angioplasty is more effective than routine balloon inflations in sealing arterial dissections in this model and appears to be less thrombogenic in these markedly disrupted vessels.