DNA probes for the identification of malaria vectors

The correct identification of the mosquito vectors of malaria is essential to determine the vectorial significance of the different species within species complexes and to optimise vector control programmes. A number of methods are available including cytogenetic analysis, isoenzyme characterisation, and mating incompatibility. We describe here the development of a simplified DNA probe methodology for the identification of malaria vector specimens, with particular emphasis on the identification of mosquitoes of the Anopheles gambiae complex, which includes the most important vectors of malaria in Africa. The method incorporates the use of a simple 'squash-blot' sample preparation, synthetic oligonucleotide probes, non-radioactive labelling and detection systems, cheap and stable reagents, and all processes are carried out at room temperature without the need for equipment. Identification of up to 300 specimens (larvae, pupae or adults) per day is possible by a single worker using this simple technique and costs $0.02-$0.04 per specimen.