Effects of peripheral cytokine injections on multiple unit activity in the anterior hypothalamic area of the mouse

The brain and the immune system interact in a bidirectional manner. This study on neuroimmune circuitry investigated the hypothesis that circulating cytokines act as messengers in the communication from the immune system to the brain and that the anterior hypothalamus is an integral part of this pathway. It was predicted that, following tail vein injections in mice, the cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) would alter electrical activity in the anterior hypothalamus. Differential electrodes were used to record multiple unit activity, at 5-min intervals, immediately before and for 60 min following injections. IL-1 beta and IL-2 decreased activity in the lateral margin of the anterior hypothalamus. IL-2-responsive neurons seemed to be localized to this area, while IL-1 beta-sensitive neurons showed a larger area of distribution. A significant response following IL-6 administration was not demonstrated. The observed changes in electrical activity support the concept of the hypothalamus as a sensory integration site for the immune system. Alternative models for the mechanism of cytokine signaling are discussed.