Cell wall carbohydrates as signals in plants

Plant and fungal cells are surrounded by a cell wall rich in diverse polysaccharides and proteins. It has become apparent in recent years that the carbohydrates in the cell wall function not only to maintain cell shape and integrity, but also may serve as signals in plants. This review summarizes the evidence that biologically-active oligosaccharides (oligosaccharins) released from plant or microbial cell walls can serve as signals to regulate plant defense and plant growth and development. The oligosaccharins discussed include the fungal-derived hepta-beta-glucoside and the plant cell wall-derived oligogalacturonides and xyloglucans. Possible mechanisms by which oligosaccharins may exert their effects on plant cells are discussed.