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Speed and intelligence in old age

U Lindenberger1, U Mayr, R Kliegl

  • 1Ulman Lindenberger, Academy of Sciences and Technology, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany.

Psychology and Aging
|June 1, 1993
PubMed
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Cognitive speed significantly impacts intellectual performance in older adults. Declines in processing speed fully explain age-related differences in reasoning, memory, knowledge, and fluency.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Previous research indicates cognitive speed differences contribute to intellectual functioning variations between young and old adults.
  • The role of cognitive speed in intellectual performance decline beyond age 70 requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine if cognitive speed predicts age-related intellectual performance differences in adults over 70 years old.
  • To assess the relationship between age and five intellectual abilities: speed, reasoning, memory, knowledge, and fluency.

Main Methods:

  • Administered tests measuring five intellectual abilities to a representative, age-stratified sample of old and very old adults.
  • Analyzed age trends across the five intellectual abilities using a negative linear function.

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Main Results:

  • Age trends for all five intellectual abilities were accurately modeled by a negative linear function.
  • The effect of age on reasoning, memory, knowledge, and fluency was entirely mediated by cognitive speed.
  • Cognitive speed fully accounted for both shared and unique age-related variance in the other four intellectual abilities.

Conclusions:

  • The findings provide strong support for the speed hypothesis of cognitive decline in old age.
  • Further research is necessary to understand the underlying causes of age-related differences in cognitive speed.