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Infection, thyroid disease, and autoimmunity

Y Tomer1, T F Davies

  • 1Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029.

Endocrine Reviews
|February 1, 1993
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Infectious agents may trigger autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) through various mechanisms, though direct human evidence remains limited. Further research is needed to definitively link infections to AITD pathogenesis.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • The exact causes of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) are unknown, but genetic and environmental factors are implicated.
  • Emerging evidence suggests infectious agents may play a role in AITD development and progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current evidence linking infectious agents to the pathogenesis of AITDs.
  • To explore potential mechanisms by which infections might trigger thyroid autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on AITDs, infectious agents, and autoimmune phenomena.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the association between specific infections and thyroid autoimmunity.
  • Examination of proposed molecular and cellular mechanisms of infection-induced autoimmunity.

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Main Results:

  • Classical AITDs like Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are associated with various infectious agents.
  • Thyroid infections can lead to autoimmune phenomena, and AITDs can be induced in animals by viral infections.
  • Mechanisms include molecular mimicry, antigen modification, superantigen activation, and immune complex formation.

Conclusions:

  • While indirect evidence is abundant, the causative role of infectious agents in human AITDs is not definitively proven.
  • Direct evidence, such as pathogen isolation from affected thyroid tissue, is limited but crucial.
  • Further research employing direct methods is necessary to establish a causal link between infections and AITDs.