Matrix metalloproteinases in brain injury

Proteolytic remodeling of the extracellular matrix occurs normally during development and pathologically in arthritis, tumor metastasis, wound healing, and angiogenesis. The major extracellular matrix-degrading proteinases belong to the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and plasminogen activator gene families. Intracerebral injection of 72-kDa type IV collagenase (gelatinase A) opens the blood-brain barrier. During hemorrhagic brain injury or intracerebral injection of proinflammatory cytokines, endogenous production of 92-kDa type IV collagenase (gelatinase B) occurs. The gelatinase B gene contains a phorbol ester responsive region (TRE) that binds AP-1 proteins, including c-Fos/c-Jun dimer, the early immediate response gene products. Maximum production of gelatinase B in injury occurs between 16 and 24 h, making this a late effector gene. The serine proteinase, urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), is also produced at that time. Gelatinases and plasminogen activators work in concert to disrupt basement membranes proteolytically. A similar process opens the blood-brain barrier after ischemic and hemorrhagic brain injury, leading to secondary vasogenic brain edema. Delayed damage by proteolytic cascade enzymes provides opportunities for treatment much later than had been thought possible. Potential treatments possible in this second therapeutic window include interfering with the genes that produce the MMPs or inhibiting the action of the gene products.