Serum cholesterol, cholesterol precursors and plant sterols in different inflammatory bowel diseases

The role of cholestasis and ileal dysfunction on sterol metabolism was studied in 79 patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and in 23 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) controls by determining serum sterol/cholesterol proportions. The sterols included cholesterol precursors (delta 8-cholestenol, desmosterol and lathosterol), markers of cholesterol synthesis, cholestanol and plant sterols (campesterol and sitosterol), markers of cholesterol absorption and biliary secretion. The IBD patients were subgrouped into distal ulcerative colitis (dUC, n = 21), pancolitis (pUC, n = 29), ileal Crohn's disease (iCD, n = 20) and colonic Crohn's disease (cCD, n = 9). The cholestanol proportions were increased in the 3 colonic IBD groups, up to two times in cCD patients and seven times in a case with clinically overt primary sclerosing cholangitis, but were within the control IBS levels in the patients with iCD. The sitosterol, but not campesterol, proportion was significantly increased only in the pUC group. In the iCD group only the serum precursor sterol proportions, especially those for delta 8-cholestenol and lathosterol, were elevated probably due to ileal dysfunction induced bile acid malabsorption and compensatorily increased cholesterol synthesis. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the increased cholestanol proportion in colonic IBD is determined mainly by impaired biliary elimination of this sterol, while in ileal affision the dominating change in sterol balance is activated cholesterol synthesis. Thus increased serum cholestanol is a novel finding in colonic IBD, apparently indicating the presence of subclinical cholestasis in a marked number (20-50%) of IBD patients.