Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Structural Protein Function01:56

Structural Protein Function

29.8K
Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures such as bones, cartilage, hair, and muscles. This group includes proteins such as collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin.
Collagen, the most abundant protein in mammals, is found throughout the body. In connective tissue, such as skin, ligaments, and tendons, it provides tensile strength and elasticity.  In bones and teeth, it mineralizes to...
29.8K
Structural Protein Function01:56

Structural Protein Function

3.2K
No description available
3.2K
Correlations02:20

Correlations

35.8K
Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
35.8K
Fruit Development, Structure, and Function01:58

Fruit Development, Structure, and Function

25.1K
Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.
25.1K
Structure and Function of Erythrocytes01:29

Structure and Function of Erythrocytes

5.4K
There are between 4.2 and 6 million erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, in every microliter of blood. These cells are small, flattened biconcave discs with centers that are depressed.
The erythrocyte plasma membrane is associated with proteins such as spectrin, which forms a flexible cytoplasmic meshwork. This meshwork allows erythrocytes to twist, turn, become cup-shaped, and regain their biconcave shape as they pass through narrow capillaries. Additionally, erythrocytes can form...
5.4K
Structure and Function of Platelets01:18

Structure and Function of Platelets

3.2K
The cell fragments known as platelets are disc-shaped, with an average diameter of about 3 μm and a thickness of roughly 1 μm. They play a crucial role in the body's vascular clotting system, which also involves plasma proteins, blood cells, and blood vessel tissues.
Platelets are continually replenished, circulating in the bloodstream for 9-12 days before being removed by phagocytes, primarily in the spleen. A microliter of circulating blood contains between 150,000 and 450,000...
3.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effect of quebracho condensed tannin extract on fecal gas flux in steers.

Journal of environmental quality·2020
Same author

The Patient's Comorbidity Burden Correlates with the Erectile Dysfunction Severity.

Actas urologicas espanolas·2017
Same author

HIV eradication symposium: will the brain be left behind?

Journal of neurovirology·2015
Same author

Nutritive value, fermentation characteristics, and in situ disappearance kinetics of sorghum silage treated with inoculants.

Journal of dairy science·2013
Same author

IL-2 receptor γ-chain molecule is critical for intestinal T-cell reconstitution in humanized mice.

Mucosal immunology·2012
Same author

Frequency-shift vs phase-shift characterization of in-liquid quartz crystal microbalance applications.

The Review of scientific instruments·2011

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals
06:46

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals

Published on: January 5, 2016

17.9K

Structural and functional correlates between HIV-1 and SIV Nef isolates

J V Garcia1, J L Foster

  • 1Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38101, USA. victor.garcia@stjude.org

Virology
|December 15, 1996
PubMed
Summary

The nef genes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) are crucial for viral function. Swapping internal nef sequences between HIV-1 and SIV impaired protein function, but a specific hybrid retained activity.

More Related Videos

Correlative Microscopy for 3D Structural Analysis of Dynamic Interactions
13:43

Correlative Microscopy for 3D Structural Analysis of Dynamic Interactions

Published on: June 24, 2013

14.5K
Structure of HIV-1 Capsid Assemblies by Cryo-electron Microscopy and Iterative Helical Real-space Reconstruction
12:38

Structure of HIV-1 Capsid Assemblies by Cryo-electron Microscopy and Iterative Helical Real-space Reconstruction

Published on: August 9, 2011

17.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 25, 2026

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals
06:46

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals

Published on: January 5, 2016

17.9K
Correlative Microscopy for 3D Structural Analysis of Dynamic Interactions
13:43

Correlative Microscopy for 3D Structural Analysis of Dynamic Interactions

Published on: June 24, 2013

14.5K
Structure of HIV-1 Capsid Assemblies by Cryo-electron Microscopy and Iterative Helical Real-space Reconstruction
12:38

Structure of HIV-1 Capsid Assemblies by Cryo-electron Microscopy and Iterative Helical Real-space Reconstruction

Published on: August 9, 2011

17.8K

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The nef genes of HIV-1 and SIV encode proteins involved in viral pathogenesis.
  • These Nef proteins are known to downregulate cell surface CD4 and bind cellular protein kinases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify critical regions within Nef proteins essential for their function.
  • To investigate structure-function relationships by creating and analyzing Nef/SNef hybrids.

Main Methods:

  • Construction and analysis of hybrid nef genes combining sequences from HIV-1 Nef and SIV SNef.
  • Metabolic labeling with 35S-methionine/cysteine to assess protein expression and stability.
  • Functional assays including CD4 downregulation in human and mouse cell lines and binding to cellular phosphoproteins.

Main Results:

  • Most Nef/SNef hybrids were expressed similarly, except one with a truncated SNef C-terminus, which showed reduced expression due to a short half-life.
  • Nef, SNef, and a specific hybrid (SHSNef) downregulated CD4 in human cells; only Nef and SHSNef did so in mouse cells.
  • Nef, SNef, and SHSNef bound specific cellular phosphoproteins; hybrids with swapped internal sequences were largely non-functional.

Conclusions:

  • Internal sequences of HIV-1 Nef and SIV SNef are critical for their respective functions.
  • The SHSNef hybrid, retaining internal Nef sequences, demonstrates conserved functionality across species-specific assays.
  • These findings highlight the importance of specific domains within the Nef protein for its biological activities.