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Related Concept Videos

Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

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Overview
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Reactivity of Enols01:18

Reactivity of Enols

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Enols are a class of compounds where a hydroxyl group is attached to a carbon–carbon double bond, which implies that it is a vinyl alcohol. A carbonyl compound with an α hydrogen undergoes keto–enol tautomerism and remains in equilibrium with its tautomer, the enol form. Usually, the keto tautomer is present in a higher concentration than the enol tautomer due to the higher bond energy of C=O compared to C=C. Moreover, the direction of the keto–enol equilibrium is...
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Reactivity of Enolate Ions01:23

Reactivity of Enolate Ions

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Enolate ions are formed by the acid–base reaction of a carbonyl compound with a base. This leads to deprotonation of the α hydrogen atom, leading to a resonance-stabilized enolate ion where one of the contributing structures is an oxyanion, which imparts additional stability. Therefore, the proton on the α carbon is more acidic in nature than that of other sp3-hybridized C–H bonds but less acidic than those in O–H bonds where the negative charge in the conjugate...
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Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

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Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
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Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular01:33

Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular

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Radical reactions can occur either intermolecularly or intramolecularly. In an intermolecular radical reaction, a nucleophilic radical adds to an electrophilic alkene or vice versa. In such reactions, the radical and generally the alkene, which is also called the radical trap, are two different molecules. Additionally, for such intermolecular reactions to occur, the radical trap must be active, present in an excess concentration, and the radical starting material must have a weak...
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Related Experiment Video

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Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis
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Atopic dermatitis and tuberculin reactivitiy

M Uehara

    Archives of Dermatology
    |September 1, 1977
    PubMed
    Summary

    Active atopic dermatitis transiently suppresses tuberculin reactivity, indicating reduced cell-mediated immunity. Remission restores normal reactivity, suggesting dermatitis plays a key role in immune function changes.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Dermatology
    • Cellular Immunity

    Background:

    • Previous studies reported transient suppression of tuberculin reactivity due to widespread allergic and irritant contact dermatitis.
    • Atopic dermatitis is a common eczematous condition associated with immune dysregulation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate whether eczematous inflammation in atopic dermatitis also transiently suppresses tuberculin reactivity.
    • To assess the impact of atopic dermatitis activity on cell-mediated immunity.

    Main Methods:

    • Assessed tuberculin reactivity in patients with atopic dermatitis during active phases and remission.
    • Compared reactivity to baseline levels before dermatitis onset and in healed patients.

    Main Results:

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    Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis
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    • Patients with active atopic dermatitis exhibited diminished tuberculin reactivity.
    • Tuberculin reactivity significantly increased during remission.
    • Reactivity was normal before dermatitis onset and after healing.

    Conclusions:

    • Eczematous inflammation in atopic dermatitis can transiently suppress cell-mediated immunity, as evidenced by diminished tuberculin reactivity.
    • The presence of active dermatitis is a significant factor in reduced immune function in atopic dermatitis patients.
    • Immune function, specifically cell-mediated immunity, appears to be modulated by the inflammatory state of atopic dermatitis.