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[Analysis of factors related to microemboli in cases with internal carotid artery stenosis]
Y Akiyama1, H Yoshimoto, K Nagatsuka
1Department of Cerebrovascular Surgery, National Cardiovascular Center.
Insights
Microemboli detection using Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) in carotid artery stenosis is linked to stroke history, reduced cerebral blood flow, and lesion severity. These findings may indicate embolic stroke risk.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Vascular Surgery
- Medical Imaging
Background:
- Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) detects microemboli in internal carotid artery stenosis.
- The precise mechanisms behind microemboli formation remain unclear.
Purpose of the Study:
- To elucidate clinical characteristics and circumstances linked to the origin of Transcranial Doppler-detected microemboli.
- To identify factors associated with microemboli in patients with extracranial internal carotid artery stenosis.
Main Methods:
- Studied 91 patients with >30% internal carotid artery stenosis.
- Utilized Transcranial Doppler (TCD) for microemboli detection in the middle cerebral artery.
- Correlated TCD findings with Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA), MRI, and SPECT results.
Main Results:
- Microemboli detected in 30 of 91 cases.
- Higher detection rates in patients with prior ischemic events or cerebral infarction (MRI).
- Detection correlated significantly with decreased cerebral blood flow (SPECT), stenosis severity, and lesion wall irregularity (DSA).
Conclusions:
- Microemboli detection in internal carotid artery stenosis is associated with specific clinical and imaging findings.
- These microemboli may represent a significant risk factor for embolic stroke in this patient population.
Abstract:
Transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) has been used to detect microemboli in cases with extracranial internal carotid artery stenosis. However, the mechanism causing microemboli has remained unclear. The purpose of this study is to clarify clinical characteristics and circumstances associated with the genesis of TCD-detected microemboli. Ninety-one cases with more than 30% stenosis of the internal carotid arteries were studied. TCD monitoring was carried out for an hour at the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery of each case using a 2-MHz pulse-wave transcranial Doppler device, and high intensity transient signals were counted as microemboli. Digital subtraction angiography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were also performed in all cases. Microemboli were detected in 30 of 91 cases. Microemboli were significantly well detected in cases with a history of ischemic event and/or cerebral infarction recognized by MRI. Detection of microemboli had no relation to sex, age or clinical risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus and smoke habituation). In contrast, detection of microemboli was significantly related to decrease in cerebral blood flow recognized by SPECT, severity of stenosis and wall irregularity of lesion recognized by angiography. Microemboli can be found in a significantly high percentage of these clinical conditions, which may be risk factors for embolic stroke caused by extracranial internal carotid artery stenosis.