Extragenital muscular myocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps in urethral reconstruction

Urethral strictures are fibrotic sequelae of inflammatory or traumatic injuries of the urethral epithelium and corpus spongiosa that result in a variety of obstructive lesions. To help resolve these difficult and challenging strictures, fistulas, and obliterative defects of the urethra, the author has borrowed many flaps from the ubiquitous bank of extragenital axial flaps presently in use for trunk and limb reconstruction, alone or in combination with free skin grafts. This article discusses and describes five extragenital flap techniques used in a variety of high-risk urethral strictures.