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Updated: Jul 26, 2026

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Naïve and Memory T Cells
Published on: April 16, 2012
CD4+ T-cell subsets and cytokines involved in peripheral tolerance
1Dept of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. weigle@scripps.edu
Peripheral tolerance is induced under conditions that avoid activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to release cytokines. Such tolerance occurs in both CD4+ T helper (Th)-cell subsets (Th1 and Th2), probably because it is induced in precursor cells. By contrast, activation of APCs to release cytokines by immunization or infection activates either both subsets or predominantly one of them. A model for CD4+ T-cell tolerization and subset expansion is presented here.
Peripheral tolerance is induced under conditions that avoid activation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to release cytokines. Such tolerance occurs in both CD4+ T helper (Th)-cell subsets (Th1 and Th2), probably because it is induced in precursor cells. By contrast, activation of APCs to release cytokines by immunization or infection activates either both subsets or predominantly one of them. A model for CD4+ T-cell tolerization and subset expansion is presented here.
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