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Immunosuppression during spaceflight deconditioning

D S Levine¹, J E Greenleaf

¹Laboratory for Human Environmental Physiology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035-1000, USA.

Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine

|March 10, 1998

Summary

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Spaceflight induces immunosuppression, increasing risks for infections and other diseases on long missions. Countermeasures like stress reduction and potential pharmacological interventions are crucial for astronaut health.

Area of Science:

Space Medicine
Immunology
Aerospace Physiology

Background:

Spaceflight is known to cause immunosuppression, primarily attributed to neurohumoral factors released during intermittent stress.
While short-term space missions haven't shown major health issues, long-duration flights pose risks of infections, neoplasia, and autoimmunity due to weakened immune systems.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the impact of spaceflight on the immune system and explore potential health risks for astronauts.
To investigate alterations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics during spaceflight.
To assess the role of exercise, hyperosmolality, and stress in modulating immune responses in space.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on spaceflight-induced immunosuppression and its physiological correlates.

Keywords:

NASA Center ARC NASA Discipline Regulatory Physiology

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Analysis of factors such as stress, exercise, and hydration on immune function in microgravity.

Consideration of altered drug metabolism and administration strategies for space missions.

Main Results:

Spaceflight-induced immunosuppression is linked to neurohumoral responses to stress.
Altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics necessitate new drug administration protocols.
In-flight exercise effects on immunity are not fully understood; hyperosmolality's impact is variable and depends on hydration status.

Conclusions:

Long-duration space missions may increase the incidence of infections, neoplasia, and autoimmune diseases due to immunosuppression.
Developing alternative drug administration and dosing strategies is essential.
Reducing in-flight stress and exploring pharmacological interventions are critical for mitigating immune risks during extended space exploration, particularly for Mars missions.