Potential errors in the application of mixture theory to multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis
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Updated: Oct 30, 2026

Evaluation of Fluid Overload by Bioelectrical Impedance Vectorial Analysis
Published on: August 17, 2022
L C Ward1, M Elia, B H Cornish
1Department of Biochemistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. ward@florey.biosci.uq.edu.au
Abstract:
Potential errors in the application of mixture theory to the analysis of multiple-frequency bioelectrical impedance data for the determination of body fluid volumes are assessed. Potential sources of error include: conductive length; tissue fluid resistivity; body density; weight and technical errors of measurement. Inclusion of inaccurate estimates of body density and weight introduce errors of typically < +/- 3% but incorrect assumptions regarding conductive length or fluid resistivities may each incur errors of up to 20%.
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