无条件的现金转账和母亲的就业:从婴儿的第一年研究的证据.
Maria Sauval1, Greg J Duncan1, Lisa A Gennetian2
1University of California, Irvine, School of Education, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
Journal of public economics
|July 29, 2025
概括
无条件的现金支持并没有显著改变母亲的就业或幼儿母亲的家庭收入. 然而,现金转账可能在COVID-19大流行期间减少了母亲的工作时间.
科学领域:
- 经济学 经济学 经济学
- 社会学 社会学 社会学
- 公共政策 公共政策
背景情况:
- 母亲劳动力参与是家庭经济稳定的关键因素,受到各种社会和经济政策的影响.
- 无条件现金转移 (UCTs) 越来越多地被视为政策工具,但它们对母亲就业的影响仍在争论中.
- 了解这些影响对于设计有效的社会支持计划至关重要.
研究的目的:
- 估计无条件的每月现金转移对有幼儿的母亲劳动力参与的影响.
- 分析母亲在孩子生命的前四年的工作行为,以回应财政支持.
- 为有关UCT及其经济后果的政策讨论提供经验证据.
主要方法:
- 利用了婴儿第一年研究的数据,这是一项大规模的随机对照试验.
- 在接受无条件现金转移的集团和对照组之间比较了就业结果.
- 分析了涵盖儿童生命前四年的数据,包括COVID-19大流行期间的一段时间.
主要成果:
- 在现金转移和对照组之间,在总体的母亲劳动力参与率或家庭总收入方面没有发现统计学上显著的差异.
- 收到无条件现金转账与在COVID-19大流行 (2020-21) 峰值期间减少母亲工作时间有关.
- 这些发现表明,对长期就业决策的影响最小,但在经济中断期间可能会产生短期影响.
结论:
- 无条件的现金转移似乎不会显著阻止母亲就业或减少长期家庭收入.
- 该研究强调了在经济不确定性严重的时期,例如大流行期间,可能会暂时减少工作时间.
- 政策影响表明,可以考虑UCTs,而不必担心从劳动力中广泛退出.
相关概念视频
00:55Parental Care
11.9K
Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.
11.9K
01:22Development of Immunocompetence
449
The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
449
01:20Attachment
132
Attachment is vital for infant development, as warm social interactions support growth and well-being. In a classic 1958 study by Harry Harlow, the significance of warmth and comfort in forming attachments was examined. Harlow separated newborn monkeys from their mothers and provided two artificial "mothers": one made of cold wire and the other covered in soft cloth. Despite the wire mother offering food, the infant monkeys preferred the comfort of the cloth mother, demonstrating that...
132
01:15Transcytosis of IgG
2.9K
Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
2.9K
01:52Regression Toward the Mean
6.5K
Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when...
6.5K