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Veins of Upper Limbs

Veins of Upper Limbs

The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
The deep venous system is primarily composed of the ulnar and radial veins. The ulnar vein, which drains the fingers through the superficial palmar venous arches, and the radial vein, which serves the palms via the deep palmar...

Veins of Lower Limbs

Veins of Lower Limbs

The human body consists of an intricate network of veins responsible for the crucial task of blood drainage from the lower limbs. These veins can be categorized into two main types: deep veins and superficial veins.
Formed by the union of the medial and lateral plantar veins, the posterior tibial vein, rising through the calf muscle, assimilates the fibular vein. The anterior tibial vein, a superior extension of the foot's dorsalis pedis vein, merges with the posterior tibial vein at the knee,...

Venous Thrombosis I: Introduction

Venous Thrombosis I: Introduction

Venous thrombosis, the most common disorder of the veins, involves the formation of a thrombus or blood clot associated with vein inflammation. It can be classified as either superficial vein thrombosis or deep vein thrombosis.Superficial Vein Thrombosis: This involves the formation of a thrombus in a superficial vein, usually the greater or lesser saphenous vein. Though less severe than deep vein thrombosis (DVT), SVT can lead to complications if untreated.Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): This...

Venous Thrombosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Venous Thrombosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key difference between Superficial Vein Thrombosis (SVT) and Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) lies in their location and severity.Clinical ManifestationsSVT typically presents with localized pain, tenderness, and redness along the course of a superficial vein, often accompanied by a palpable, cord-like structure under the skin. This condition is usually less dangerous than DVT but can be uncomfortable and may lead to complications such as cellulitis or, rarely, a clot extension into the deep...

Venous Thrombosis III: Interprofessional Care

Venous Thrombosis III: Interprofessional Care

Venous thrombosis requires effective prevention and treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce potential complications.Prevention StrategiesHealthcare providers must prioritize preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) for all adult patients upon admission. Interventions depend on bleeding and thrombosis risk, medical history, current medications, diagnoses, planned procedures, and patient preferences. Patients on bed rest should change positions every two hours and, if not...

Hemodialysis I: Introduction

Hemodialysis I: Introduction

Hemodialysis (HD) is a medical treatment that artificially removes waste products, excess fluids, and toxins from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions effectively. In this process, blood is filtered through a semipermeable membrane, allowing for the selective removal of waste while preserving necessary components like blood cells and proteins. Hemodialysis is typically performed in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or severe kidney...

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Updated: Jul 15, 2026

Technical Aspects of the Mouse Aortocaval Fistula

Technical Aspects of the Mouse Aortocaval Fistula

Published on: July 11, 2013

Elevated basilic vein arteriovenous fistula.

A L Humphries¹, G L Colborn, J J Wynn

¹Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912, USA.

American Journal of Surgery

|July 22, 1999

Summary

The elevated brachial-basilic arteriovenous fistula offers excellent long-term patency and is a superior alternative to prosthetic grafts for dialysis access. This vascular access method is safe and effective for patients with limited vein options.

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Area of Science:

Vascular Surgery
Nephrology
Dialysis Access

Background:

Prosthetic arteriovenous grafts are frequently used for dialysis access despite native arteriovenous fistulas being superior.
Patients often lack suitable veins for conventional arteriovenous fistulas, necessitating alternative solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the outcomes of elevated brachial-basilic arteriovenous fistulas.
To evaluate this technique as an alternative to prosthetic grafts in select patients.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of 67 patients undergoing elevated brachial-basilic arteriovenous fistula creation over 10 years.
Analysis of operative complications, failure causes, and actuarial fistula patency.

Main Results:

No wound infections occurred; only one case of late steal syndrome was reported.
Actuarial fistula patency was 84% at 1 year, decreasing to 52% at 10 years.
Excellent long-term patency rates were observed.

Conclusions:

Elevated brachial-basilic arteriovenous fistulas are a superb alternative to prosthetic grafts for dialysis access.
This technique is suitable for patients with unsuitable cephalic veins for conventional fistulas.
The procedure is associated with uncommon operative complications and rare vascular steal, with excellent long-term patency.