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Updated: Jul 30, 2026

Expired CO2 Measurement in Intubated or Spontaneously Breathing Patients from the Emergency Department
Published on: January 29, 2011
Scalp blood gas analysis
1Plymouth Perinatal Research Group, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Plymouth, United Kingdom.
Abstract:
The use of fetal blood sampling has been advocated widely to improve the specificity of fetal heart rate monitoring, but it remains a clinically unpopular procedure. This article considers its physiologic rationale and evidence base. It includes descriptions of the technique with suggestions for improved clinical interpretation and discusses the efficacy of fetal blood sampling with some consideration of possible alternatives.
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