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Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
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Investigation of Disease Outbreaks

Multistate foodborne outbreaks pose significant public health risks and require meticulous investigation to identify sources and implement control measures. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) utilizes a dynamic seven-step process for these investigations, integrating data from laboratories, interviews, and environmental assessments to protect public health.Outbreak Detection: The detection of multistate outbreaks typically begins with PulseNet, the CDC's national laboratory...
Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Cholera01:25

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Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
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Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Related Experiment Video

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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
11:09

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Published on: September 11, 2016

Norwalk-like viral gastroenteritis outbreak in U.S. Army trainees.

M K Arness1, B H Feighner, M L Canham

  • 1Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, marness@pol.net

Emerging Infectious Diseases
|April 11, 2000
PubMed
Summary

An outbreak of acute gastroenteritis affected U.S. Army trainees. Norwalk-like virus (genogroup 2) was identified as the cause, linked to a dining facility and soft drinks.

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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
11:09

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EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR
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A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.
06:55

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

Published on: November 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • An acute gastroenteritis outbreak occurred among U.S. Army trainees at Fort Bliss, Texas.
  • The outbreak led to significant hospitalizations, impacting trainee health and readiness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the causative agent of the gastroenteritis outbreak.
  • To determine the source and associated risk factors for the outbreak.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of hospitalization data.
  • Laboratory testing using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for viral detection.
  • Case-control study to identify associated exposures.

Main Results:

  • 99 out of 835 trainees (12%) were hospitalized.
  • RT-PCR confirmed the presence of Norwalk-like virus, specifically genogroup 2.
  • The outbreak was associated with a specific post dining facility and consumption of soft drinks.

Conclusions:

  • Norwalk-like virus genogroup 2 was the etiological agent responsible for the outbreak.
  • The post dining facility and contaminated soft drinks were identified as likely sources.
  • Findings underscore the importance of food and beverage safety in military training environments.