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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation of Ions03:11

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
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Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff
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A complexity view of rainfall.

Ole Peters1, Christopher Hertlein, Kim Christensen

  • 1Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BW, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|January 22, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rainfall behaves like natural nonequilibirum systems, such as earthquakes. Statistical analysis reveals power laws governing rain event size and drought duration, indicating self-organized criticality in precipitation.

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Related Experiment Videos

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Geophysics
  • Complex Systems

Background:

  • Precipitation and drought dynamics are complex phenomena.
  • Understanding the underlying processes of rainfall is crucial for climate modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the statistical properties of rain events.
  • To determine if rainfall exhibits characteristics of self-organized criticality.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of high-resolution rainfall data.
  • Statistical analysis to identify power-law distributions.
  • Examination of scale-free fluctuations in accumulated water.

Main Results:

  • Rainfall events show statistical similarities to earthquakes and avalanches.
  • Power laws were observed for the distribution of rain event sizes and drought durations.
  • Accumulated water column exhibited scale-free fluctuations.

Conclusions:

  • Rainfall dynamics appear to be governed by a self-organized critical process.
  • These findings provide a benchmark for precipitation and atmospheric process models.
  • The study highlights universal principles in natural nonequilibirum systems.