Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Ocular Abnormalities in 127 Cats Presented for Companion Animal Eye Registry (CAER) Examination in the United States and Canada.

Veterinary ophthalmology·2025

Same author

α2-Macroglobulin Concentrations in Canine and Equine Serum Donors.

Veterinary ophthalmology·2025

Same author

Extranodal Lymphoma With Adnexal and Suspected Intracranial Involvement in a Dog.

Veterinary ophthalmology·2025

Same author

Evaluation of the Effect of Intravenous Mannitol and Hypertonic Saline on Intraocular Pressure and Biometry Parameters in Anesthetized Horses With Experimentally Increased Intracranial Pressure.

Veterinary ophthalmology·2025

Same author

Qualitative Analysis of Intern Applications and its Relationship to Performance.

Journal of veterinary medical education·2024

Same author

A recessive <i>CLN3</i> variant is responsible for delayed-onset retinal degeneration in Hereford cattle.

Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Published on: March 12, 2016

Advances in topical glaucoma therapy.

A Michelle Willis¹, Kathryn A Diehl, Terah E Robbin

¹Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 601 Vernon L. Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. mwillis@mspca.org

Veterinary Ophthalmology

|April 10, 2002

Summary

New topical glaucoma medications offer reduced systemic side effects compared to oral options. Dorzolamide and brinzolamide show promise for lowering intraocular pressure with limited adverse effects in animals.

More Related Videos

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Published on: February 15, 2022

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Published on: May 31, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Glaucoma-inducing Procedure in an In Vivo Rat Model and Whole-mount Retina Preparation

Published on: March 12, 2016

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Published on: February 15, 2022

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Intracameral Injection in Rats with Low Risk of Adverse Effects

Published on: May 31, 2024

Area of Science:

Veterinary Ophthalmology
Pharmacology

Background:

Topical glaucoma medications aim to reduce intraocular pressure with fewer systemic side effects than oral drugs.
The eye's barrier necessitates high topical concentrations, potentially causing systemic effects, especially in small animals.
Oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors often cause adverse effects in both humans and animals.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the efficacy and systemic side effect profiles of recently developed topical glaucoma medications.
To compare the safety and effectiveness of topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and alpha2-agonists with prostaglandin analogs in animal models.

Main Methods:

Review of recent advances in topical glaucoma medication development.
Analysis of reported efficacy in reducing intraocular pressure in animal studies.
Assessment of systemic side effect incidence associated with topical ophthalmic preparations.

Main Results:

Topical dorzolamide and brinzolamide demonstrate potential for lowering intraocular pressure with limited systemic side effects.
Topical apraclonidine effectively reduces intraocular pressure in cats and dogs but may cause systemic effects.
Topical latanoprost is effective in dogs and horses but may worsen existing ocular inflammation.

Conclusions:

Topical glaucoma treatments offer an alternative to oral medications with a potentially improved systemic safety profile.
Specific topical agents like dorzolamide and brinzolamide show promise for managing animal glaucoma.
Careful consideration of potential side effects, such as exacerbation of ocular inflammation with latanoprost, is crucial.