Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 25, 2026
17:15
Catheterization of Intestinal Loops in Ruminants
Published on: June 11, 2009
Citrus pulp for cattle
John D Arthington1, William E Kunkle, Amy M Martin
1University of Florida-IFAS, Range Cattle Research and Education Center, 3401 Experiment Station, Ona., FL 33865, USA. jdarthington@mail.ifas.ufi.edu
The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice
|September 19, 2002
Summary
Citrus pulp is a valuable energy concentrate by-product feed for beef cattle. Current production focuses on wet, dry, and pelleted pulp, primarily in Florida, California, and Texas.
Area of Science:
- Animal Science
- Agricultural By-products
Background:
- Citrus pulp is an energy concentrate by-product feed.
- Commonly utilized citrus by-products for beef cattle include molasses, meal, wet, dry, and pelleted pulp.
- Current production systems predominantly use wet, dry, and pelleted citrus pulp.
Purpose of the Study:
- To highlight the classification and utilization of citrus pulp as a feedstuff for beef cattle.
- To identify the various forms of citrus by-products used in cattle feed.
- To outline the geographical distribution of citrus pulp production in the United States.
Main Methods:
- Literature review on citrus by-product classification and usage in beef cattle diets.
- Analysis of current production systems and commonly used citrus by-products.
- Examination of geographical data for citrus pulp production in the US.
Main Results:
- Citrus pulp is recognized as an energy concentrate by-product feed.
- Wet, dry, and pelleted citrus pulp are the main by-products currently used for beef cattle.
- Citrus pulp production is concentrated in subtropical regions, notably south central Florida, with additional sites in California and Texas.
Conclusions:
- Citrus pulp represents a significant energy source in beef cattle diets.
- The utilization of citrus pulp is primarily focused on its processed forms (wet, dry, pelleted).
- Geographical limitations in production impact the widespread availability of citrus pulp as a feed resource.
Related Concept Videos
00:59Tonicity in Animals
The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
02:36The Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.
00:53Products of the Citric Acid Cycle
The cells of most organisms—including plants and animals—obtain usable energy through aerobic respiration, the oxygen-requiring version of cellular respiration. Aerobic respiration consists of four major stages: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. The third major stage, the citric acid cycle, is also known as the Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.
01:37The Citric Acid Cycle: Overview
In aerobic organisms, the citric acid cycle is the second stage of cellular respiration wherein molecules derived from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are oxidized into carbon dioxide and energy. This process is also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as the first product of the cycle, citric acid, contains three carboxyl groups in its structure. Alternatively, this cycle is also referred to as the Krebs cycle, in honor of its discoverer Sir Hans Krebs.
The citric...
The citric...
01:28The Citric Acid Cycle: Output
The citric acid cycle is termed an amphibolic pathway as it operates both anabolically and catabolically. The cyclic reactions balance the flux of the substrates to provide an optimal concentration of NADH and ATP to the cell.
Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is regulated in several ways, including feedback inhibition, regulation of enzyme activities, and associated anaplerotic or cataplerotic pathways.
The primary substrate of the TCA cycle—acetyl CoA—is produced by the...
Regulation of Citric Acid Cycle
The citric acid cycle is regulated in several ways, including feedback inhibition, regulation of enzyme activities, and associated anaplerotic or cataplerotic pathways.
The primary substrate of the TCA cycle—acetyl CoA—is produced by the...
01:16Tonicity in Animals
Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cell,...