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Related Concept Videos

Gap Junctions01:37

Gap Junctions

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Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between neighboring cells in animals, connecting the cytoplasm between the two, and allowing for the exchange of molecules and ions. They are found in a wide range of invertebrate and vertebrate species, mediate numerous functions including cell differentiation and development, and are associated with numerous human diseases, including cardiac and...
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Gap Junctions01:27

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The cytoplasm of adjacent animal cells can exchange small molecules, ions, and secondary messengers via the communication channels which form the gap junctions. These junctions comprise a few hundred to thousands of molecular channels, each made of two halves, called the connexon hemichannel. A connexon is a hexamer of six transmembrane connexin proteins, which assemble radially, thus forming a pore or channel in the center. One connexon hemichannel docks with a corresponding connexon on the...
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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and finally, cell division. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by its regulatory systems as well as extracellular signals that affect cell proliferation.
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Molecular Chaperones and Protein Folding03:00

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The native conformation of a protein is formed by interactions between the side chains of its constituent amino acids. When the amino acids cannot form these interactions, the protein cannot fold by itself and needs chaperones. Notably, chaperones do not relay any additional information required for the folding of polypeptides; the native conformation of a protein is determined solely by its amino acid sequence. Chaperones catalyze protein folding without being a part of the folded protein.
The...
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Interior gap superfluidity.

W Vincent Liu1, Frank Wilczek

  • 1Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce a novel state of matter where a Fermi ball

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Fluids
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Superfluidity and superconductivity are quantum phenomena arising from particle pairing.
  • Fermi liquids describe systems of interacting fermions at low temperatures.
  • Simultaneously observing gapped and gapless excitations in a single system is theoretically challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new state of matter exhibiting coexisting superfluid and normal Fermi liquid properties.
  • To identify conditions and systems where this novel state can be realized.
  • To explore potential experimental realizations in ultracold atomic gases and solid-state materials.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical modeling of interacting fermionic systems.
  • Analysis of pairing interactions and their effect on quasiparticle excitations.
  • Investigating the surface and bulk properties of a large Fermi ball.

Main Results:

  • A novel state of matter is proposed with a gapped interior and a gapless surface.
  • This state hosts both superfluid (gapped) and normal Fermi liquid (gapless) components.
  • The proposed state belongs to a universal class realizable at weak coupling.

Conclusions:

  • A cold mixture of two atomic fermion species with different masses is predicted to exhibit this state.
  • This state could lead to materials that are simultaneously superconducting and metallic.
  • The findings open new avenues for exploring exotic quantum states of matter.