Target recognition of guanylate cyclase by guanylate cyclase-activating proteins

Guanylate cyclase-activating proteins (GCAPs) control the activity of membrane bound guanylate cyclases in vertebrate photoreceptor cells. They form a permanent complex with guanylate cyclase 1 (ROS-GC1) at low and high Ca2+-concentrations. Five different target regions of GCAP-1 have been identified in ROS-GC1 at rather distant sites. These findings could indicate a multipoint attachment site for GCAP-1 or, alternatively, the presence of transient binding sites with short contact to GCAP-1. In addition some data are consistent with the operation of one or more transducer units, that represent regulatory regions without being direct binding sites. A permanent ROS-GC1/GCAP-1 complex is physiologically significant, since it allows a very short response time of cyclase activity when the intracellular Ca2+-concentration changes. Thereby, activation of cyclase participates in speeding up the recovery of the photoresponse after illumination and restores the circulating dark current.