The function of neuropilin/L1 complex

L1, a cell adhesion molecule of the Ig superfamily (IgCAM) plays a critical role in the formation of neuronal networks. This is reflected by the variety of clinical signs associated with the X-linked recessive neurological disorder that is caused by mutations in the L1 gene. L1 regulates the formation of axon fascicles and promotes neurite outgrowth through interaction with a wide spectrum of binding partners including cell adhesion molecules and extra-cellular matrix components. Here we describe the emerging evidence that indicates, in addition to these well-established functions, that L1 participates in the signaling of a secreted guidance cue of the Semaphorin family, Sema3A. Three types of experimental evidence support L1 as a key component of the Sema3A receptor complex. First, L1-deficient axons do not respond to Sema3A-induced chemorepulsion. Second, L1 and NRP1, the neuropilin responsible for Sema3A binding, associate through their extracellular domains, forming a cell surface heterocomplex. Third, a soluble form of L1 modulates axonal responsiveness to Sema3A, by converting Sema3A chemorepulsion into attraction.