Vitamin D autocrine system and prostate cancer

25-Hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase (lalpha-OHase) is expressed in prostate cells. The expression suggests that local production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D could provide an important cell growth regulatory mechanism. However, there is differential expression of 1alpha-OHase activity among the primary cultures of prostate cells derived from cancerous, benign prostatic hypertrophy and normal tissue, and among noncancerous (PZHPV-7) and various cancer cell lines (PC-3, DU145). No activity was found in cancer cell line LNCaP. The observed marked decrease in 1alpha-OHase activity in prostate cancer cells suggests some defect of the 1alpha-OHase in these cells. Using luciferase reporter gene assay, we observed a step-wise decrease in the basal promoter activity in two truncated promoter fragments, AN2 (-1,100 bp) and AN5 (-394 bp), with the highest basal activities found in PZHPV-7 and with loss of promoter activity in LNCaP. In order to understand the mechanism underlying the differential promoter activities among different prostate cells, we investigated the possible role of phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) on the regulation of 1alpha-OHase promoter activity in the four prostate cell lines. First we compared the levels of CREB phosphorylation among PZHPV-7, DU145, PC-3 and LNCaP cells by Western blot analysis using antibody against phosphorylated CREB. We observed that CREB was phosphorylated to a greater extent in PZHPV-7 than in DU145 cells. No significant phosphorylation of CREB was found in PC-3 and LNCaP cells. Next, we utilized activators and inhibitors of protein kinase A (PKA), protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) to determine which kinases might be involved in phosphorylating the CREB in PZHPV-7 cells. We demonstrated that forskolin (an activator of PKA) increased the AN2 basal promoter activity 50%, whereas H-89 (an inhibitor of PKA) inhibited the basal and forskolin-stimulated AN2 promoter activity 40% and 70%, respectively. We also showed that PD98059 (an inhibitor of MAPKK) decreased the AN2 promoter activity 70%. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (an activator of PKC), GF109203 (an inhibitor of PKC) and KN-93 (an inhibitor of CaMKII) had no effect on AN2 promoter activity in PZHPV-7 cells. Thus, our results suggest that differential phosphorylation of CREB through PKA and MAPK pathways may be involved in the regulation of 1alpha-OHase promoter activity.