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We introduce a new class of gapless superfluids, potentially observable in quark matter. This research explores a unique phase where heavy and light quarks coexist, leading to a distinct superfluid state.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • High-Energy Nuclear Physics
  • Quantum Chromodynamics

Background:

  • Superfluidity in quantum systems exhibits diverse universality classes.
  • Quark matter at intermediate densities is predicted to host exotic phases like color superconductivity.
  • Understanding pairing mechanisms in dense quark matter is crucial for nuclear physics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and analyze a broad universality class of gapless superfluids.
  • To investigate a specific limit potentially realized in intermediate-density quark matter.
  • To describe the breached pairing color superconducting phase and its properties.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of gapless superfluids.
  • Investigation of quark pairing in color superconducting phases.
  • Thermodynamic analysis of phase transitions as a function of density.

Main Results:

  • A wide universality class of gapless superfluids is proposed.
  • In the breached pairing phase, heavy s quarks pair with light u or d quarks.
  • The ground state exhibits simultaneous superfluid and normal Fermi components.
  • A second-order phase transition is predicted from the breached pairing to the color-flavor locked phase with increasing density.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed universality class offers a new framework for studying gapless superfluids.
  • The breached pairing phase in quark matter presents a unique state with coexisting superfluid and normal components.
  • The predicted phase transition provides a testable signature for experimental or observational verification.