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Related Concept Videos

Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
Operant Conditioning01:21

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning, a key concept in behavioral psychology, involves using reinforcement and punishment to alter the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. B.F. introduced this type of conditioning. Skinner focused on voluntary behaviors and the consequences that follow them, influencing whether these behaviors will be strengthened or diminished.
Reinforcement in operant conditioning can be positive or negative, both of which serve to increase the likelihood of a behavior. Positive...
Reinforcement01:23

Reinforcement

Positive and negative reinforcement are key concepts in operant conditioning, a learning process where the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, increasing the frequency of that behavior. For example:
Primary and Secondary Reinforcers01:23

Primary and Secondary Reinforcers

In psychology, reinforcement is a key concept in behavior modification. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments involving rats in what is known as a Skinner box. The rats learned to press a lever to receive food, a primary reinforcer that fulfilled their innate need for nourishment.
Effective reinforcers for humans vary depending on the individual and the context. Primary reinforcers, such as food, water, sleep, shelter, and pleasure, have inherent value and satisfy basic biological...
Reinforcement Schedules01:24

Reinforcement Schedules

Positive reinforcement is a powerful method for teaching new behaviors to both animals and humans. B.F. Skinner demonstrated this with his experiments using rats in a Skinner box. When a rat pressed a lever, it received a food pellet. This immediate reward encouraged the rat to repeat the behavior. This method, where a reward follows every instance of the behavior, is known as continuous reinforcement. It is highly effective for establishing new behaviors quickly.
Once a behavior is learned,...
Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant factor...

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Related Experiment Video

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Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction
16:23

Automated, Quantitative Cognitive/Behavioral Screening of Mice: For Genetics, Pharmacology, Animal Cognition and Undergraduate Instruction

Published on: February 27, 2014

Concurrent schedules: reinforcer magnitude effects.

Jason Landon1, Michael Davison, Douglas Elliffe

  • 1Department of Psychology, The University of Auckland, New Zealand. j.landon@auckland.ac.nz

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
|August 12, 2003
PubMed
Summary

Pigeons

Area of Science:

  • Behavioral science
  • Animal behavior studies
  • Operant conditioning research

Background:

  • Reinforcement schedules influence animal choices.
  • Understanding choice behavior is crucial in behavioral science.
  • Previous studies utilized the generalized matching law.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of reinforcer magnitude on choice behavior in pigeons.
  • To analyze both molar and local control of preference by reinforcement variables.
  • To compare the influence of reinforcer magnitude versus frequency on choice.

Main Methods:

  • Pigeons were trained on concurrent variable-interval schedules.
  • Reinforcer magnitude ratios were systematically varied across conditions.

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  • Behavioral data were analyzed using the generalized matching law and local analyses.
  • Main Results:

    • Molar preference aligned with the generalized matching law.
    • Recent reinforcers, especially the most recent, influenced current choice.
    • Larger reinforcers produced longer-lasting preference shifts.

    Conclusions:

    • Reinforcer magnitude and frequency exert similar control over choice behavior.
    • Choice behavior is influenced by both immediate and delayed reinforcement effects.
    • Sensitivity to reinforcer magnitude and frequency depends on pulse characteristics.