Occult spinal dysraphism: evidence-based diagnosis and treatment

This article reviews the scientific evidence behind the diagnostic tools available for the appropriate workup and management of patients with occult spinal dysraphism (OSD). The diagnostic tools include the use of detailed history and physical examination, plain films, ultrasound, MR imaging, and neurophysiologic tests. In addition, the article discusses the epidemiology of the most common causes of OSD in children, which will allow physicians caring for children to develop a pretest probability of disease and make a more educated decision as to when additional diagnostic testing is required.