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Identification of risk factors for extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Zhenhua Yang1, Ying Kong, Frank Wilson
1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. zhenhua@umich.edu
Summary
Extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) is increasingly common. Women, non-Hispanic blacks, and HIV-positive individuals face a higher risk of developing EPTB compared to men, non-Hispanic whites, and HIV-negative individuals.
Area of Science:
- Epidemiology
- Infectious Diseases
- Public Health
Background:
- The incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) has risen in the United States, increasing from 16% in 1991 to 20% in 2001.
- Understanding risk factors for EPTB is crucial for targeted prevention and treatment strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify demographic, clinical, and lifestyle factors associated with the development of extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
- To analyze the epidemiology of EPTB in Arkansas between 1996 and 2000.
Main Methods:
- A retrospective case-control study was conducted involving 705 patients with culture-proven tuberculosis.
- Case patients (n=85) had EPTB, while control patients (n=620) had pulmonary tuberculosis.
Main Results:
- Women (OR, 1.98), non-Hispanic blacks (OR, 2.38), and HIV-positive individuals (OR, 4.93) demonstrated a significantly higher risk of EPTB.
- These associations remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders.
Conclusions:
- Demographic and host-related factors, including gender, race/ethnicity, and HIV status, significantly influence the risk of developing extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
- This study contributes to the understanding of EPTB pathogenesis and identifies key populations for focused public health interventions.