Advances in vertebral artery surgery at the skull base

Between July 1975 and May 1985, 219 procedures were performed on the vertebral system; two were intracranial, 118 were at the skull base and 99 were at the neck base. Of the 108 patients operated on at the skull base, procedures were multiple in five and bilateral in two. Bypass to the vertebral artery between the transverse process of C1 and C2 was performed 91 times. The blood supply for the bypass was the common carotid (70), the external carotid (9), the internal carotid (9), the subclavian (3), and the occipital artery (3). Decompression was performed in three patients, segmental resection in seven, and ligation in two. The primary objective was to increase the flow capacity of the vertebral artery. This flow to the Circle of Willis supplies the forebrain and the hindbrain if the internal carotid artery is obstructed and the posterior communicating artery is patent, or it may supply only the hindbrain when no communication exists. The pathologic processes include atherosclerosis, thrombosis, dissection, compression, and vasospasm. The male:female ratio is 2:3. Long-term mortality is 19% for the male and 4.6% for the female. Hindbrain symptoms in the male predates cardiac symptoms by 2 to 4 years. Operative mortality and stroke rate is less than 3% combined. Long-term graft patency is 87%. Vertebral artery surgery at the skull base produces results superior to those following proximal segment reconstruction when measured by dynamic computerized tomographic scanning, neurofunctional testing, and symptom relief. Success following reconstruction depends on careful patient selection and surgical expertise. The techniques of reconstruction are well established and results have been durable for over a decade.