Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 1, 2026

A Cardiac Microphysiological System for Studying Ca2+ Propagation via Non-genetic Optical Stimulation
Published on: March 21, 2025
Fast method for physical optics propagation of high-numerical-aperture beams
Yaakov M Engelberg1, Shlomo Ruschin
1Chiaro Networks Ltd., 5 Nachum Hefzadi Street, Jerusalem 95484, Israel. engelb@012.net.il
Abstract:
A method is presented that expands the scheme of physical optics propagation beyond the Fresnel approximation to include beams that are nonparaxial. The formalism retains most of the calculation advantages of the Fresnel approach; i.e., it is based on a single Fourier transform step. The kernel of the new transformation is no longer separable in Cartesian coordinates; thus the formalism can account for astigmatic coupling effects originating purely from diffraction. The validity limits of the proposed algorithm are explored. Analytical expressions, numerical simulation results, and experimental data are compared.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Physical Methods for Controlling Microbial Growth: Temperature
Methods of Sterilization I: Physical Methods
Steam sterilization uses non-toxic, low-cost moist heat in the form of saturated steam under pressure, which is fast, microbicidal, and sporicidal, and quickly warms and penetrates fabrics. Autoclaves, or steam sterilizers, expose each item to direct steam contact for a predetermined time at the necessary...
Numerical Calculations
The solution to a problem is obtained using different methods. While manually solving algebraic symbols is one of the most common methods, the graphical method is often preferred. Computers...
Beams
Based on geometry, beams can be straight, tapered, or curved. Straight beams are the most common type and have a constant cross-section throughout their length. Tapered beams, on the other hand, have a varying cross-section along...
Pilot and Numeric Relaying
How Data are Classified: Numerical Data
Quantitative data may be either discrete or continuous. All quantitative data that take on only specific numerical...

