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Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Real-Time Cardiac Mapping with a Noninvasive Imageless Electrocardiographic Imaging System
Published on: April 11, 2025
Diagnostic value of the 12-lead electrocardiogram during conventional and biventricular pacing for cardiac
S Serge Barold1, Michael C Giudici, Bengt Herweg
1Division of Cardiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine and Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, FL 33615, USA. ssbarold@aol.com
Abstract:
The paced 12-lead ECG is a valuable tool in the assessment of patients with pacemakers, and ideally should be recorded routinely at the time of implantation and during follow-up. It has become particularly important in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization. The multiplicity of clinical situations described in this review highlight the pitfalls of using a single ECG lead in the overall evaluation of pacemaker patients. The design of programmers capable of registering a 12-lead ECG would obviate the need of an additional electrocardiograph and encourage the routine recording of the paced 12-lead ECG with each patient encounter. Such an arrangement would improve the care of pacemaker patients.
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