Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 3, 2026

In Vitro Culture of Epicardial Cells From Mouse Embryonic Heart
Published on: April 27, 2016
Current Medical Therapy in Epicardial and Microvascular Disease: Evidence and Gaps
Francesco Angeli1, Matteo Armillotta1, Luca Bergamaschi1
1Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences- DIMEC, University of Bologna, Via Giuseppe Massarenti, Bologna, Italy; Cardiovascular Division, Morgagni-Pierantoni University Hospital, Forlì, Italy.
Abstract:
Management of chronic coronary syndromes has shifted from an obstructive coronary artery disease-focused model to a phenotype-guided approach that includes angina with nonobstructive coronary arteries/ ischemia with nonobstructive coronary arteries (INOCA), vasospastic angina (VSA), and coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). Background therapies such as statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, antiplatelets, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor inhibitors improve vascular health, but the WARRIOR trial highlighted the limits of intensive therapy in unselected INOCA patients. Anti-ischemic treatment should be mechanism-based: calcium channel blockers for VSA, beta-blockers and ranolazine for CMD, while nitrates may worsen microvascular disease.
Related Concept Videos
Cardiomyopathy V: Interprofessional Care
Cardiomyopathy II: Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Coronary Artery Disease V: Interprofessional Care
Acute Coronary Syndrome IV: Interprofessional Care
Atherosclerosis III: Management
Myocarditis III: Medical Management