[History of spermatozoon and changing views]

With Ham, Leeuwenhoek discovered animalcules in human semen in 1677, without theoretical interpretations. Discussions focused on the respective role of ovum and animalcules during two centuries with erroneous doctrines. Modern ideas on status and origin of animalcules are associated with the development of the cell theory. Animalcules became spermatozoa. In 1875, Hertwig observed that the head of spermatozoon becomes a pronucleus and combines with the female pronucleus, thus establishing the concept that fertilization is the conjugation of two cells. During the first half of 20th century, endocrinology and genetics influenced management of infertile couples. Cryopreservation, analyses of ultrastructural morphology improved knowledges of normal and abnormal male gametes. In Vitro Fertilization and more IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection opened new views on the role of spermatozoa in human generation. Genetics and procreation were more and more so linked that each perspective of further advances shocked ethical considerations as transgression of natural biology. The future of spermatozoon in human reproductive programs remains a mystery according to, for example, experimental development using stem cell cultures.