Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 16, 2026
07:45
Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition
Published on: July 21, 2020
An investigation into the mechanisms causing antipodean strabismus
Stephen W Merriam1, Burton J Kushner
1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, UW Hospital and Clinics, Madison, Wisconsin 53703, USA.
Summary
Antipodean strabismus, a rare eye condition, presents as esotropia in one eye and exotropia in the other. This study highlights its association with asymmetric accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratios.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Neuro-ophthalmology
- Pediatric Ophthalmology
Background:
- Antipodean strabismus is a rare condition characterized by alternating esotropia and exotropia.
- Previous associations include anisometropia, dissociated strabismus, paresis, or mechanical restrictions.
Observation:
- This study reviewed four patients with antipodean strabismus.
- None presented with anisometropia or dissociated horizontal deviation.
- One patient had a history of sixth nerve palsy surgery; another had pseudotumor cerebri.
Findings:
- All patients exhibited the characteristic esotropia-exotropia pattern.
- Two patients without significant medical history showed markedly asymmetric accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratios.
Implications:
- Antipodean strabismus is an atypical heterotropia with diverse clinical associations.
- This study reports the first association between antipodean strabismus and asymmetric AC/A ratios.
Related Concept Videos
01:17Accessory Structures of the Eye
Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
01:20Muscles of the Eye
The muscles of the eye are sophisticated structures that control eye movement and focus, allowing for the precise and rapid adjustments necessary for vision. The human eye is controlled by ten muscles — six extraocular muscles, three intraocular muscles, and one primary eyelid retractor muscle.
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and rotating...
Extraocular Muscles
The six extraocular muscles surround the eyeball and control its movements. They are responsible for a wide range of eye motions, including looking up, down, left, right, and rotating...
01:28Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment
Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
01:27Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment
In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...