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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake01:21

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake

Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...
Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents01:25

Adrenergic Agonists: Indirect-Acting Agents

Indirect-acting adrenergic agonists potentiate the effects of endogenous catecholamines through different mechanisms without directly binding to adrenoceptors.
One mechanism involves depleting stored catecholamines by displacing them from synaptic vesicles. These agents, known as "displacers," are transported into vesicles at the expense of noradrenaline. Examples include amphetamine and tyramine, which lack a catechol moiety, resulting in prolonged action, improved oral bioavailability, and...
Adrenergic Agonists: Direct-Acting Agents01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Direct-Acting Agents

Drugs that mimic the action of endogenous catecholamines like noradrenaline and adrenaline are called adrenergic agonists or sympathomimetics. Based on their mechanism of action, sympathomimetics can be classified as direct-, indirect-, or mixed-acting sympathomimetics. Direct-acting adrenergic agonists activate adrenoceptors without affecting presynaptic neurons, making them independent of neuronal catecholamine-depleting agents like reserpine and guanethidine.
These agents can be classified...
Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis01:29

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Synthesis

Drugs affecting neurotransmitter synthesis can impact the adrenergic neuron and the synthesis of neurotransmitters. For example, α-methyltyrosine and carbidopa target specific enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis. α-methyltyrosine inhibits the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, which converts tyrosine into dopamine. By blocking this enzyme, α-methyltyrosine reduces dopamine production and other catecholamines. Carbidopa, on the other hand, inhibits the enzyme dopa decarboxylase, which converts...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:22

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic agonists or cholinomimetics mimic the action of acetylcholine to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They are categorized into direct-acting and indirect-acting agents. The direct-acting cholinergic drugs induce the parasympathetic response by directly binding to the muscarinic or nicotine receptors. In comparison, the indirect-acting cholinergic drugs prevent acetylcholine hydrolysis, indirectly contributing to the extended parasympathetic response.
The direct-acting...
Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents01:28

Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents

Mixed-action adrenergic agonists, like ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, directly and indirectly affect adrenergic receptors. These agents stimulate adrenoceptors and indirectly release stored neurotransmitters, amplifying the adrenergic response.
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine lack a catecholamine group, making them less susceptible to degradation by metabolic enzymes. They have increased oral bioavailability and lipophilicity, resulting in a longer duration of action. Their response is reduced by...

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Catecholamines and sympathomimetic drugs decrease early Salmonella Typhimurium uptake into porcine Peyer's patches.

David R Brown1, Lisa D Price

  • 1Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108-6010, USA. brown013@umn.edu

FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology
|November 23, 2007
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Summary

Enteric nerves influence Salmonella infection. Dopamine and related drugs reduce Salmonella Typhimurium uptake into Peyer

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Peyer's patches are crucial for intestinal immunity and susceptible to Salmonella infection.
  • Enteric nerves containing catecholamines innervate Peyer's patches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if endogenous catecholamines or sympathomimetic drugs affect Salmonella Typhimurium uptake into Peyer's patches.

Main Methods:

  • Porcine jejunal Peyer's patch explants were used in Ussing chambers.
  • Explants were inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104.
  • Bacterial recovery was assessed after treatment with saxitoxin, dopamine, cocaine, or methamphetamine.

Main Results:

  • Salmonella recovery increased over time in explants.
  • Saxitoxin and dopamine significantly decreased Salmonella recovery.
  • Cocaine and methamphetamine mimicked dopamine's effect, suggesting a role for catecholaminergic nerves.

Conclusions:

  • Enteric catecholaminergic nerves modulate early-stage Salmonella colonization of Peyer's patches.
  • This modulation occurs, in part, by altering bacterial epithelial uptake.