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Bilateral differences in the net joint torques during the squat exercise.

Sean P Flanagan1, George J Salem

  • 1Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, USA. sean.flanagan@csun.edu

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
|December 14, 2007
PubMed
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Bilateral differences in joint torques during squats are common, challenging the assumption of symmetry. Individual variations mean joint torques should not be assumed equal in barbell squats.

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Movement Analysis
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Bilateral movements are prevalent in daily activities and exercises.
  • It is commonly assumed that left and right limbs produce equal joint torques during symmetrical movements.
  • This assumption lacks empirical validation in complex exercises like the barbell squat.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and quantify bilateral differences (BDs) in joint torques during the barbell squat.
  • To test the assumption of equal joint torques between the left and right lower extremities.
  • To analyze how load affects these bilateral differences.

Main Methods:

  • Eighteen recreationally trained individuals (9 men, 9 women) performed barbell squats.
  • Four loading conditions were used: 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of their 3-repetition maximum.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Biomechanical data, including joint moments, angles, and ground reaction forces, were collected and analyzed.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant bilateral differences were observed in average net joint moments (ANJM) at the hip, knee, and ankle.
    • The ANJM was larger on the left hip (12.4%) and ankle (16.8%), and on the right knee (13.2%).
    • Average vertical ground reaction force (AVGRF) and ankle distance to center of pressure (ADCOP) were also greater on the left side (6% and 11%, respectively).

    Conclusions:

    • The assumption of equal joint torques during barbell squats is not supported by this data.
    • Significant bilateral differences exist and vary across individuals, with few exhibiting symmetrical performance.
    • These findings highlight the importance of considering individual asymmetries in training and rehabilitation programs.